Use Google Adsense to Make Money With Your Website

The Goal of AdSense

While the low cost of information distribution has lead to an increase of content, it has not lead to the creation of quality websites. There are many quality websites out there, but exceptional few in relation to the size of the internet.

One of the best ways for search engines to fight off this problem is by rewarding quality content. Obviously good rankings and large amounts of traffic help, but many of us are suckers for money...which AdSense can provide.

How AdSense Works

AdSense allows you to paste a small amount of code on your web pages which reads various on page and off page topics to determine what the page is about. Automatically AdSense will usually serve relevant ads to the page copy. AdSense allows you to split the ad revenue from these ads with Google. If AdSense can not determine what the page is about they will place public service announcement ads or alternate ads of your choice. 

Who is Adsense for?

Generally AdSense is for larger content websites. If your site is purely commercial in nature it is harder to get accepted to AdSense. Qualifying for AdSense should not be that hard though, as most commercial websites should provide more than just a commerce platform.

The web was created to allow the free flow of information. I am exceedingly more likely to buy off a person who provides details about their services or products. Unbiased reviews, free information, and user feedback gain credibility with your user, which will allow you to further expand your marketing leverage while increasing your pages views and your ad revenue.


Benefits of AdSense

I do not want to worry about many of the aspects of running a business. Right now I am limited in what I can do by the fact that I can only do so much myself. I have turned down many people because it is not possible for me to work on 100 sites at one time.

The other option for me is to make revenue from selling ad space. With AdSense I have no need to prospect for affiliate links and ad revenue. The process is 100% automated. A check get mailed out in the middle of the following month if my account is above $100 at the end of the month.

In addition, AdSense makes money if I go to sleep or go away for the weekend. It allows me to work even when I am not. Other than sharing revenue with Google, absolutely every aspect of monetizing market space is in your favor.

* If you want to block a competitors ad you can.
* As ad prices change the ad with the highest returns (ad price * click through rate) are automatically displayed on your site.
* There are over 150,000 advertisers using AdWords.
* Some people may even view your site in a positive light due to your affiliation with Google.
* As your content changes the ads do too.
* If ads are irrelevant they automatically get deleted due to a low click through rate.
* AdSense has multiple layouts and formats which will should be able to work well with your site.
Maximize AdSense Revenue

*Learn enough about a topic that interests you so that you can create a valuable resource.
*Build a linking campaign to drive traffic to your resource.
*Chose a topic which would interest you, consumers, and is financially well to do.
*Make pages which are focused enough that it is easy for Google to know which ads to place on the page.
*Try to keep your pages on the site topic. Do not create your asbestos web page on your site about Sesame Street.
*Test various layouts and positions.


Detailed AdSense Information

There is not much. Most people who claim to be AdSense experts parrot what is written on the dozen or so official AdSense pages.

Your ad layout should be different depending on many factors. Here are some examples of websites with the different layouts.

Much in the same way you sell a product, you want to be able to sell the ads. Thus it does not make sense to have the ads displayed in an offensively disruptive manner. The layout and design should blend. Google likes the tower ad, but ad layout should depends on different variables. If you throw your ads up in an offensive way you are killing off any long term loyalty you may have hoped to build.

- by Aaron Wall, author of The SEOBook .

Introduction to Language Pascal

History of Pascal

Rooted in the language Algol and PL / 1 in the 60's in continental Europe, Pascal Wirth Prof.Niklaus compiled by and published in 70 years of 71, tested at the CDC 6000 computer is the Turbo Pascal compiler and included high-level language.

- pascal is a high-level programming language because Pascal is a structured programming language

- The name pascal was taken from the name of a mathematician Blaise Pascal

- Pascal was designed by prof. Niklaus Wirthdari Switzerland

A. Create a directory:

· File-DOS Shell-Change directory by typing "cd \ .." (Change Dir) to look like "C: \>".

· If so, at C: \> type "md nama_direktori (eg: md lely_6H).

· Then enter.

* Type exit to exit from DOS

B. Fox Directory:

· File-Change Dir C-2x-click search directory name of each

· Repeat this every time you start pascal allows for all the exercises are stored in individual folders.

C. Starting a new program:

· File-New

· Saving Files:

· File-Save-Type the name of the file

· Explain Pascal Program Structure:

Pascal Language Structure

§ Title

<judulnya> Program;

Uses <unitnya>;

§ Section Declaration

Label <namalabelnya>;

Const <nama=nilai constantanya>;

Type <namatype:typedatanya>;

Var <nama_variabelnya>;

Procedure <nama_prosedurnya>;

Function <nama_fungsinya>;

§ Section Statement

Begin

<pernyataan-pernyataan>;

End.


1. Program Title

2. Block Program, consisting of:

§ The Declaration: variables, constants, labels, type, fungsidll

§ The statement: Begin Begin and end dg dg End. / content program

· Compile / Compiling, Process to check whether the program instruction error is correct / not yet. How: Compile-compile/Alt + F9

· Run, The process to compile once run the program. How: Run-run/Ctrl + F9

· Showing results program: ALT + F5

· Cleaning the screen / display: Clrscr (Clear Screen), using the procedure Crt Uses (Uses Catode Ray Tube).

· Extentation Pascal:. PAS

1. The command I / O

Entering data / input: Read = Enter data in the same row. Readln = Enter data per line.

Showing results / outputs: Write = Displays the output in the same row. Writeln = Displays the output line.

I2. Variables and Constants

Variable è worth of data changing in the program.

BU: Var Identifier: type of data.

È constants whose value data remain in the program.

BU: Const Identifier = value.

3. Reserved Word / Words Reserves

è are words which have been defined by turbo-pascal. Example: Program Begin, End, Var, Const etc.

Ex: an introductory program pascal;

Uses crt;

Begin

Writeln ('Meeting 2 ');

Writeln ('Pascal');

Write ('Meeting 2');

Write ('Pascal');

Readln;

End.

Ex: Program introduction 2;

Uses crt;

Const

Name = 'name each';

Class = 'class each';

Var

campus: string;

Begin

Clrscr;

Writeln ('You Campus Location:'); readln (campus);

Readln

End.


Exercise!

Exercise program;

Uses crt;

Const

campus = 'Margonda';

Var

name: string [20];

class: string;

Begin

Clrscr;

Write ('NAME:'); readln (name);

Write ('CLASS'); readln (class);

Writeln ('You Campus Location:', campus);

Readln

End.

Sample Program


The program listing

Uses Crt;

Begin

Writeln ('I');

Write ('Learning');

Writeln ('Turbo');

Write ('Pascal');

Write ('Version 7.0');

End.

Press Ctrl + F9 to ekseskusi program

Press F5 to see results

The result:

I

Turbo Learning

Pascal Version 7.0

source by http://dif4jc.wordpress.com

Finally, UNESCO recognized Batik Indonesia

 

Long Road Batik Indonesia acknowledged by UNESCO in January 2000 Malaysia began claiming Batik fabrics as the original cultural product 4 September 2008 through the UNESCO office in Jakarta, Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare representing the government and the community of Indonesian batik batik officially handed over to the rigorous data in February 2009 under Agency UNESCO, consists of six member states of the Intergovernmental Committee (Turkey, Estonia, Kenya, Republic of Korea, Mexico and the United Arab Emirates) is currently researching and reviewing Batik. It takes the data and complete verification of the 19 types of batik, which was taken from 33 provinces in Indonesia.

28 September 2009 UNESCO officially confirmed batik as a list of cultural heritage is not the object (intangible cultural heritage). Even batik get the highest score of 111 cultural heritage categories proposed countries in the world. October 2, 2009 UNESCO Prize for Batik will be held at the closing session of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. (Source: Media Indonesia, 30 September 2009)

 History of Batik Indonesia has a long history with batik as the work and culture. Embryo are the writings and paintings on palm leaf that has existed since the seventeenth century. Long history that makes

batik works can be found not only in Java, but also Sumatra, Kalimantan, Maluku, Papua even. In Javanese, batik is known since the Majapahit and thrive in the kingdom of Mataram. From the work done in the palace, batik developed into an ordinary house.

If initially only charged noble family, batik clothing and then can become the people. At that time, which is derived all batik batik. New batik is known around 1920. Type of traditional batik there are hundreds, even thousands of motifs. So interpenetration custom batik, in the 8th century ancestors of the Javanese people poured some motive to the statue and the temple body (Media Indonesia, 30 September 2009).

Admittedly batik as one of the non object world cultural heritage is a gift for all Indonesian citizens who must come together to acknowledge. Inauguration of the world cultural heritage is stipulated in the International Convention of The General Conference of UNESCO in 1972 in Paris. Therefore, let us together dressed in batik on Friday, October 2, 2009 as a manifestation of our gratitude to the wealth Indonesia.Selain batik masterpiece, local governments that have batik production centers need to consider the welfare of the batik crafters. As we know, according to research Mistaram, professor of art and design literature Faculty University of Malang (UM) 70% of 206 Craft Batik in East Java live in poverty.

Admittedly Batik Indonesia by UNESCO at least provide fresh air for the batik crafters, hopefully the government's attention for the welfare of the batik crafters can be noticed, maybe we can learn from Malaysia, as reported by Media Indonesia 30 September 2009, the Government of Malaysia to give attention to the welfare of the batik Indonesian parents in Kuala Trengganu, where they provided a good incentive, welfare, and education facilities for their grandchildren.

Craft Batik is an ambassador and the heroes of the Nation which has also contributed to the preservation of Batik Indonesia, therefore, hopefully, with the recognition by UNESCO batik their fate will be better and change. Keeping Kelestariaan To preserve Batik Batik in Indonesia, batik lessons should be able to become one of extracurricular in schools, the students should be introduced to the diverse riches motif so that the preservation of batik can be maintained from generation to generation.

In addition, producing areas of batik in Indonesia needs to build a sales representative for its batik batik artisans. Creating batik market a clean, healthy and very good representative to be done immediately. Moreover, if there is a combination tour will be a lot of interesting integrated batik wisatan to shop. Writer Consultant Working in Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) ambadar.com

Posted in Hak Kekayaan Intelektual (HKI)
« History of Intellectual Property Rights in Indonesia

from: bandungbaratonline.com 

 

 

Learn About Blog

steps to create a blog
1. All you have to prepare and shall before making or make a blog on blogspot (blogger) is to have the email first. This email will be used to register the first time. if you can not or do not make email read here (click here), there was presented earlier about the steps to make email. Relax do not rush. Read this guide to run out first, and then practiced. okay
2. If you have created an email, go to www.blogger.com address, and make sure that emerges is the website as below

then click the arrow labeled orange CREATE YOUR BLOG

3. After that the page will appear as below

in column e-mail address: input your email
retype email address: input again the same email as above

input a password: isiakan key lens (at least 8 characters, letters can be numbers)
typing reset your password: enter password again which you have input the same as above

Display name: fill your name or your alias name (this will appear bersamaa by posting, article that you created)

Verification: enter the word that there are pictures above the field.

in the picture above I have included examples of filling

if you've filled all and click the arrow orange (continue)

4. Then will appear like this

Fill out in accordance with Title Blog keinginannmu
content is also a blog address in accordance with your wishes as well, if your address to use 2 or more words. pisahlah with a dot (.) or sign (-). because they can not use spaces.

example of such filling this picture

sometimes we write a blog address already used by another person, if already in use someone else means can not be used. To know other people already in use or not Just click the link "check availability" if you have not used anyone else, then under it will appear in green text that reads this blog address available

if it is click the continue menu

5. After you click the menu proceed .. This page will appear as

It is the template design window. to choose just click one. menu and then click continue, then what emerges is a picture like this

with once you have finished making a blog .... now lives filled with the article you just ..

source by: RidwanAZ.com 

posted by: Made and Kiki

AdSense
AdSense is an ad serving application run by Google Inc. Website owners can enroll in this program to enable text, image, and video advertisements on their websites. These advertisements are administered by Google and generate revenue on either a per-click or per-impression basis. Google beta tested a cost-per-action service, but discontinued it in October 2008 in favor of a DoubleClick offering (also owned by Google). In Q1 2010, Google earned US$2.04 billion ($8.16 billion annualized), or 30% of total revenue, through AdSense.

Google uses its Internet search technology to serve advertisements based on website content, the user's geographical location, and other factors. Those wanting to advertise with Google's targeted advertisement system may enroll through AdWords. AdSense has become a popular method of placing advertising on a website because the advertisements are less intrusive than most banners, and the content of the advertisements is often relevant to the website.

Many websites use AdSense to monetize their content; it is the most popular advertising network. AdSense has been particularly important for delivering advertising revenue to small websites that do not have the resources for developing advertising sales programs and sales people. To fill a website with advertisements that are relevant to the topics discussed, webmasters implement a brief script on the websites' pages. Websites that are content-rich have been very successful with this advertising program, as noted in a number of publisher case studies on the AdSense website.

Some webmasters invest significant effort into maximizing their own AdSense income. They do this in three ways:
They use a wide range of traffic-generating techniques, including but not limited to online advertising.
They build valuable content on their websites that attracts AdSense advertisements, which pay out the most when they are clicked.
They use text content on their websites that encourages visitors to click on advertisements. Note that Google prohibits webmasters from using phrases like "Click on my AdSense ads" to increase click rates. The phrases accepted are "Sponsored Links" and "Advertisements".

The source of all AdSense income is the AdWords program, which in turn has a complex pricing model based on a Vickrey second price auction. AdSense commands an advertiser to submit a sealed bid (i.e., a bid not observable by competitors). Additionally, for any given click received, advertisers only pay one bid increment above the second-highest bid. Google currently shares 68% of revenues generated by AdSense with content network partners

History
Oingo, Inc., a privately held company located in Los Angeles, was started in 1998 by Gilad Elbaz and Adam Weissman. Oingo developed a proprietary search algorithm that was based on word meanings and built upon an underlying lexicon called WordNet, which was developed over the previous 15 years by researchers at Princeton University, led by George Miller.

Oingo changed its name to Applied Semantics in 2001, which was later acquired by Google in April 2003 for US$102 million.

In 2009, Google AdSense announced that it would now be offering new features, including the ability to "enable multiple networks to display ads".

source by: wikipedia.org

posted by: Made and Kiki 

The reasons why blogs should english language!

Did the English Language Should Blog?

Continuing my blog post What Can DiMonetize, this time I will discuss about the language. I often read the comments of the bloggers who say that to be able to successfully sign up for Google Adsense, then a blog should English language. Is that true?

I do not know Google's valuation standards, but according to my logic, all who sign up on the Google Adsense program must be selected by the staff Adsense assigned to it. That is, the blog or see if your site is acceptable or not are humans, not robots Google. Why should it be selected for all?

You see, Google is a provider of search engine sites that earn revenue from advertising. if you're want to info on how to memonetize blog, for example, you would be to Google and type in "monetize your blog. " Then Google will display websites or blogs that provide information about Monetizing blogs. When you open one of them (usually had to be from sites that appear at the top first and then just go down to the bottom), inside it you will find good information, then you decide to continue reading. Then you see an interesting link about monetize blog also. Links that are provided by Google. You click, and ... voila ... it opened the link. At that time, the blog owner that you entered earlier add-pundinya purse in his Adsense account.

Now, to get people clicking on Google ads, first man to go into a blog / site. How does Google attract people to come in, read-read and then click on the ads? That is, with good information. The information of course, provided by the owners of blogs and websites in this virtual world. Therefore, Google will select the blog and website owners who register Adsense program, whether blog or site is considered GOOD by Google. Does the site provide information that will be searched, opened and read by the person?
Then why are the bloggers who use Indonesian Indonesia, although the article is very good, posting updates every day, why was rejected by Google?

it's because :
1. Google does not have staff who can speak Indonesian. How he can judge good / or not writing on a blog?
2. Google feels that blog readers will be limited to only those domiciled in Indonesia alone, while English language blogs must be received / read all over the world.

So, my advice, before you decide memonetize your blog, set the first target of your readers who want to follow plus program. when you really want to succeed with Google Adsense, make your blog or website in English that the target market is global, not local. Altogether, not tucking the keyword English but other content Indonesian! Remember the Google staff that humans, not robots. Perhaps now they may not know if you outsmart Google, but at the time of payment arrives, you can tidaka liquid dollar because you caught cheating. Or, if by chance Google finds your delinquency, your account may be banned.

Well, if you are allergic to the English and the target market you are friends senusantara, then create a full blog in Indonesian, and join with local PPC programs, do not Adsense. Instead you are disappointed because rejected by Google, then you argue that you can not really blog on-monetize.

Do not forget, that Irma (stands for Internet Marketing) is one of the areas of business as well. And like other businesses, we will get optimal results if we are serious and sincere. if we carelessly, that business will be in vain. Do not think memonetize blog is as easy as turning the hand. The point of origin list, received, and insert the ads, then just wait for time payment. can not be friends!

In the next post, I will lay out the tricks to make a good blog or website. See you ...

source by: Google.search (We're sorry does not list the source of this article clearly, because we forget)
posting by Made and Kiki
 

8 tips to attract visitors to the blog
It is very to consider in a blog is the content or the content and too how often the blogs are updated on a regular basis for regular blog visitors also visit your blog for the latest information. Regularly updated blog that will attract more visitors than a blog that rarely diupdate.Ini based on my personal observations on some blog which is regularly updated. Therefore a blog will not be like an empty house without the occupants
However, a blogger, have limitations too. To update the blog on a regular basis is not easy, especially for a beginner blogger. The sources of new ideas and materials required as a post. Well, where were the source material that blog post?
Actually if we look at the ingredients for a blog post is very much the source. Moreover, the blog contents variety of information such as this popular blog. In making a blog post you can explore ideas and ideas from various sources, such as:
1. Print Media

Print media such as newspapers, magazines, tabloids, and books. All news and articles can be thought as posting material. You can manage it again by using their own language style.

2. Electronic media

Electronic media such as television, radio, and internet. Presentation of events on media such as television can be a post about the artist, the show, about TVnya station, and others. Or from Internet media, so much information can be extracted from here. Sports information in your language style that will attract blog visitors to read.
3. Your Hobby
Your hobby is fishing, write something about fishing in your posts. Example of, the equipment required an angler, fishing techniques, fishing places, and so forth. Your hobby is cooking, write something about cooking. For example, the correct cooking techniques, recipes, cooking equipment, and so forth. Many ideas can you dig as posting material from your hobby.

4. Activities and Everyday Activities
What do you do in your daily life, whether at home, street, or in the office can you make as posting material. Tell us about the activity, add humor with words so it will feel alive and the reader can feel what you are doing.

5. Your Intercourse environments.
Tell me about your family, neighbors, or friends. Write a single post. You can write about a sister who really nag or the A side a beautiful neighbor.

6. Results of visits to Somewhere.
Some days it's at all going home, never write a story about the ups and downs until finally going home to meet with relatives

7. Reviewing Blog Or Site People
By observing the blogs of people you can make a review on her blog. Tell me about the blog, its owner, what are the shortcomings and advantages, and so forth. Of course, the review should not drop or to speak ill of the blog.

8. In accordance Your Profession.
Your job as a doctor, make a story that talks about health.
From several sources of ideas on a good idea to include with the pictures that draw on the post as illustrated in accordance with anda.Ini post title is also one way to attract readers.
Perhaps there are many more sources of ideas that you can make a blog posting material that has not been discussed disini.Silakan you share with comment.

source by: Google.search

posted by: Made and Kiki 

How to promote your blog After the finished creating a blog, not less important thing is promote / introduce your own blog on the world crowded. What good is a blog if the content of vent, poetry, short stories, reflections and opinions of your posted do not read those, right?

Follow these steps blog promotion as follows:

(1) Register on the blog directory Register your blog to various blog directories (blog directory). At least, list the three largest and most popular blog directory, namely (a) http://technorati.com (b) http://feeburner.com (c) http://blogdigger.com. Follow all instructions on the third blog directory tsb when registering.

Blogs later this directory will automatically send the data blog and your postings to various search engines, including the three major search engines ie http://google.com, http://msn.com, http://yahoo. com.

(2)-trade Link, Link Exchange or Link exchange Invite your friends who have blogs to exchange links. Your URL link on her blog, and do not forget you also enter your friends blog link page. in your blog. In the world of blogs, is also called the term dg blogroll. And this blogroll one cause of the rapid popularity of blogs around the world, beat website normalcy.

Blogroll or link-exchange does not have to go through a request, can also dg mutually voluntary. For example, there is one blogger (blog owner) who put your link on her blog, if you know, then you are also "obliged" to add his blog link on your blog. If not, it will be branded as a "blogger stingy. " In cyberspace, as in the real world, people will always be alienated stingy. In other words, a little "guest"her. :)

Well, how do I know there is a distinguished mengelink your blog? Easy to do: write in the box http://technorati.com/search your blog or blog address anyone who wants you to know. Examples of this blog, http://kolom-mario.blogspot.com, then press search, you will know anyone who link to the blog page.

As a first step 'project' of exchange links, you can try to put a link http://afsyuhud.blogspot.com blog in the sidebar of your blog. Soon, your blog address would appear on his blog.

(3) Visit other blogs
To add a friend to be invited to a blogroll, a time to travel to other blog2, and commented on their tag board or guestbook or comment in writing them, do not forget to put your blog address on their blog. Soon, they will "return visit" to "home" or your blog.
(4) posting activity Try to post at least once every day. Who regularly post on the blog, would make the guests come regularly as well.

(5) blog address in email signature
Write the address of your blog in an email signature. So each time you write an email to self or to the mailing list, your blog address will always appear, and "tempt" people to visit. Summary post in your blog posts to the mailing list will also be very tempting member mailing list to come to your blog. (continued) (Mario Gagho http://kolom-mario.blogspot.com source)

source by: Google.search

posted by: Made and Kiki 

 

 

 

Blaise Pascal

Blaise Pascal

Blaise Pascal
Full name	Blaise Pascal
Born	June 19, 1623 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Died	August 19, 1662 (aged 39) Paris, France
Era	17th-century philosophy
Region	Western Philosophy
School	Continental Philosophy, precursor to existentialism
Main interests	Theology, Mathematics
Notable ideas	Pascal's Wager, Pascal's triangle,Pascal's law, Pascal's theore

Blaise Pascal (French pronunciation: [blɛz paskal]; June 19, 1623 – August 19, 1662), was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholicphilosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a Tax Collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and appliedsciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work ofEvangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method.

In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines, and after three years of effort and 50 prototypes he invented themechanical calculator. He built twenty of these machines (called the Pascaline) in the following ten years. Pascal was a mathematician of the first order. He helped create two major new areas of research. He wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of sixteen, and later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. FollowingGalileo and Torricelli, in 1646 he refuted Aristotle's followers who insisted that nature abhors a vacuum. His results caused many disputes before being accepted.

In 1646, he and his sister Jacqueline identified with the religious movement within Catholicism known by its detractors as Jansenism.^[5] His father died in 1651. Following a mystical experience in late 1654, he had his "second conversion", abandoned his scientific work, and devoted himself to philosophy andtheology. His two most famous works date from this period: the Lettres provinciales and the Pensées, the former set in the conflict between Jansenists andJesuits. In this year, he also wrote an important treatise on the arithmetical triangle. Between 1658 and 1659 he wrote on the cycloid and its use in calculating the volume of solids.

Pascal had poor health especially after his eighteenth year and his death came just two months after his 39th birthday.

Early life and education

Pascal was born in Clermont-Ferrand; he lost his mother, Antoinette Begon, at the age of three.  His father, Étienne Pascal (1588–1651), who also had an interest in science and mathematics, was a local judge and member of the "Noblesse de Robe". Pascal had two sisters, the younger Jacqueline and the elder Gilberte.

In 1631, five years after the death of his wife, Étienne Pascal moved with his children to Paris. The newly arrived family soon hired Louise Delfault, a maid who eventually became an instrumental member of the family. Étienne, who never remarried, decided that he alone would educate his children, for they all showed extraordinary intellectual ability, particularly his son Blaise. The young Pascal showed an amazing aptitude for mathematics and science. At the age of eleven, he composed a short treatise on the sounds of vibrating bodies, and Étienne responded by forbidding his son to further pursue mathematics until the age of fifteen so as not to harm his study of Latin and Greek. One day, however, Étienne found Blaise (now twelve) writing an independent proof that the sum of the anglesof a triangle is equal to two right angles with a piece of coal on a wall. From then on, the boy was allowed to study Euclid and to sit in as a silent on-looker at the gatherings of some of the greatest mathematicians and scientists in Europe—such as Roberval, Desargues, Mydorge, Gassendi, and Descartes—in the monastic cell of Père Mersenne.

Particularly of interest to Pascal was a work of Desargues on conic sections. Following Desargues' thinking, the sixteen-year-old Pascal produced, as a means of proof, a short treatise on what was called the "Mystic Hexagram", Essai pour les coniques ("Essay on Conics") and sent it—his first serious work of mathematics—to Père Mersenne in Paris; it is known still today as Pascal's theorem. It states that if a hexagon is inscribed in a circle (or conic) then the three intersection points of opposite sides lie on a line (called the Pascal line).

Pascal's work was so precocious that Descartes, when shown the manuscript, refused to believe that the composition was not by the elder Pascal. When assured by Mersenne that it was, indeed, the product of the son not the father, Descartes dismissed it with a sniff: "I do not find it strange that he has offered demonstrations about conics more appropriate than those of the ancients," adding, "but other matters related to this subject can be proposed that would scarcely occur to a sixteen-year-old child."

In France at that time offices and positions could be—and were—bought and sold. In 1631 Étienne sold his position as second president of the Cour des Aides for 65,665 livres. The money was invested in a government bond which provided if not a lavish then certainly a comfortable income which allowed the Pascal family to move to, and enjoy, Paris. But in 1638 Richelieu, desperate for money to carry on the Thirty Years' War, defaulted on the government's bonds. Suddenly Étienne Pascal's worth had dropped from nearly 66,000 livres to less than 7,300.

An early Pascaline on display at theMusée des Arts et Métiers, Paris

Like so many others, Étienne was eventually forced to flee Paris because of his opposition to the fiscal policies of Cardinal Richelieu, leaving his three children in the care of his neighbor Madame Sainctot, a great beauty with an infamous past who kept one of the most glittering and intellectual salons in all France. It was only when Jacqueline performed well in a children's play with Richelieu in attendance that Étienne was pardoned. In time Étienne was back in good graces with the cardinal, and in 1639 had been appointed the king's commissioner of taxes in the city of Rouen — a city whose tax records, thanks to uprisings, were in utter chaos.

In 1642, in an effort to ease his father's endless, exhausting calculations, and recalculations, of taxes owed and paid, Pascal, not yet nineteen, constructed a mechanical calculator capable of addition and subtraction, called Pascal's calculator or the Pascaline. The Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris and theZwinger museum in Dresden, Germany, exhibit two of his original mechanical calculators. Though these machines are early forerunners to computer engineering, the calculator failed to be a great commercial success. Because it was extraordinarily expensive the Pascaline became little more than a toy, and status symbol, for the very rich both in France and throughout Europe. However, Pascal continued to make improvements to his design through the next .

Contributions to mathematics

Pascal's triangle. Each number is the sum of the two directly above it. The triangle demonstrates many mathematical properties in addition to showing binomial coefficients.

Pascal continued to influence mathematics throughout his life. His Traité du triangle arithmétique ("Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangle") of 1653 described a convenient tabular presentation for binomial coefficients, now called Pascal's triangle. The triangle can also be represented:

	0	1	2	3	4	5	6
0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
1	1	2	3	4	5	6
2	1	3	6	10	15
3	1	4	10	20
4	1	5	15
5	1	6
6	1

He defines the numbers in the triangle by recursion: Call the number in the (m+1)st row and (n+1)st column t_mn. Then t_mn = t_m-1,n + t_m,n-1, for m = 0, 1, 2... and n = 0, 1, 2... The boundary conditions are t_{m, -1} = 0, t_{-1, n} for m = 1, 2, 3... and n = 1, 2, 3... The generator t₀₀ = 1. Pascal concludes with the proof,

In 1654, prompted by a friend interested in gambling problems, he corresponded with Fermat on the subject, and from that collaboration was born the mathematical theory of probabilities. The friend was the Chevalier de Méré, and the specific problem was that of two players who want to finish a game early and, given the current circumstances of the game, want to divide the stakes fairly, based on the chance each has of winning the game from that point. From this discussion, the notion of expected value was introduced. Pascal later (in the Pensées) used a probabilistic argument, Pascal's Wager, to justify belief in God and a virtuous life. The work done by Fermat and Pascal into the calculus of probabilities laid important groundwork for Leibniz' formulation of the infinitesimal calculus.

After a religious experience in 1654, Pascal mostly gave up work in mathematics. However, after a sleepless night in 1658, he anonymously offered a prize for the quadrature of a cycloid. Solutions were offered by John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens, Christopher Wren, and others; Pascal, under the pseudonym Amos Dettonville, published his own solution. Controversy and heated argument followed after Pascal announced himself the winner.

Philosophy of mathematics

Pascal's major contribution to the philosophy of mathematics came with his De l'Esprit géométrique ("Of the Geometrical Spirit"), originally written as a preface to a geometry textbook for one of the famous "Petites-Ecoles de Port-Royal" ("Little Schools of Port-Royal"). The work was unpublished until over a century after his death. Here, Pascal looked into the issue of discovering truths, arguing that the ideal of such a method would be to found all propositions on already established truths. At the same time, however, he claimed this was impossible because such established truths would require other truths to back them up—first principles, therefore, cannot be reached. Based on this, Pascal argued that the procedure used in geometry was as perfect as possible, with certain principles assumed and other propositions developed from them. Nevertheless, there was no way to know the assumed principles to be true.

Pascal also used De l'Esprit géométrique to develop a theory of definition. He distinguished between definitions which are conventional labels defined by the writer and definitions which are within the language and understood by everyone because they naturally designate their referent. The second type would be characteristic of the philosophy of essentialism. Pascal claimed that only definitions of the first type were important to science and mathematics, arguing that those fields should adopt the philosophy of formalism as formulated by Descartes.

In De l'Art de persuader ("On the Art of Persuasion"), Pascal looked deeper into geometry's axiomatic method, specifically the question of how people come to be convinced of the axioms upon which later conclusions are based. Pascal agreed with Montaigne that achieving certainty in these axioms and conclusions through human methods is impossible. He asserted that these principles can only be grasped through intuition, and that this fact underscored the necessity for submission to God in searching out truths.

Contributions to the physical sciences

Portrait of Pascal

Pascal's work in the fields of the study of hydrodynamics and hydrostatics centered on the principles of hydraulic fluids. His inventions include the hydraulic press (using hydraulic pressure to multiply force) and the syringe. By 1646, Pascal had learned of Evangelista Torricelli's experimentation with barometers. Having replicated an experiment which involved placing a tube filled with mercury upside down in a bowl of mercury, Pascal questioned what force kept some mercury in the tube and what filled the space above the mercury in the tube. At the time, most scientists contended that, rather than a vacuum, some invisible matter was present. This was based on the Aristotelian notion that creation was a thing of substance, whether visible or invisible; and this substance was forever in motion. Furthermore, "Everything that is in motion must be moved by something," Aristotle declared. Therefore, to the Aristotelian trained scientists of Pascal's time, a vacuum was an impossibility. How so? As proof it was pointed out:

• Light passed through the so-called "vacuum" in the glass tube.
• Aristotle wrote how everything moved, and must be moved by something.
• Therefore, since there had to be an invisible "something" to move the light through the glass tube, there was no vacuum in the tube. Not in the glass tube or anywhere else. Vacuums—the absence of any and everything—were simply an impossibility.

Following more experimentation in this vein, in 1647 Pascal produced Experiences nouvelles touchant le vide ("New Experiments with the Vacuum"), which detailed basic rules describing to what degree various liquids could be supported by air pressure. It also provided reasons why it was indeed a vacuum above the column of liquid in a barometer tube.

On September 19, 1648, after many months of Pascal's friendly but insistent prodding, Florin Périer, husband of Pascal's elder sister Gilberte, was finally able to carry out the fact finding mission vital to Pascal's theory. The account, written by Périer, reads:

"The weather was chancy last Saturday...[but] around five o'clock that morning...the Puy-de-Dôme was visible...so I decided to give it a try. Several important people of the city of Clermonthad asked me to let them know when I would make the ascent...I was delighted to have them with me in this great work... "...at eight o'clock we met in the gardens of the Minim Fathers, which has the lowest elevation in town....First I poured sixteen pounds of quicksilver...into a vessel...then took several glass tubes...each four feet long and hermetically sealed at one end and opened at the other...then placed them in the vessel [of quicksilver]...I found the quick silver stood at 26" and 3½ lines above the quicksilver in the vessel...I repeated the experiment two more times while standing in the same spot...[they] produced the same result each time... "I attached one of the tubes to the vessel and marked the height of the quicksilver and...asked Father Chastin, one of the Minim Brothers...to watch if any changes should occur through the day...Taking the other tube and a portion of the quick silver...I walked to the top of Puy-de-Dôme, about 500 fathoms higher than the monastery, where upon experiment...found that the quicksilver reached a height of only 23" and 2 lines...I repeated the experiment five times with care...each at different points on the summit...found the same height of quicksilver...in each case..."

Pascal replicated the experiment in Paris by carrying a barometer up to the top of the bell tower at the church of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie, a height of about fifty meters. The mercury dropped two lines. These, and other lesser experiments carried out by Pascal, were hailed throughout Europe as establishing the principle and value of the barometer.

In the face of criticism that some invisible matter must exist in Pascal's empty space, Pascal, in his reply to Estienne Noel, gave one of the seventeenth century's major statements on the scientific method, which is a striking anticipation of the idea popularised by Karl Popper that scientific theories are characterised by their falsifiability: "In order to show that a hypothesis is evident, it does not suffice that all the phenomena follow from it; instead, if it leads to something contrary to a single one of the phenomena, that suffices to establish its falsity." His insistence on the existence of the vacuum also led to conflict with other prominent scientists, including Descartes.

Pascal introduced a primitive form of roulette and the roulette wheel in the 17th century in his search for a perpetual motion machine.

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